|
Weed |
Degree
of Control* |
Biocontrol
Agents |
Year
of Release |
Estab-
lished |
Main
Feeding Guild |
Damage
to weed* |
|
ARACEAE |
|
Pistia stratiotes
(water lettuce/ waterslaai) |
Complete |
Neohydronomus affinis
(Curculionidae) |
1985 |
Yes |
Leaf & stem borer |
Considerable |
|
ASTERACEAE |
|
Ageratina
adenophora
(crofton weed)
|
Negligible
|
Phaeoramularia sp.
(Hyphomycetes, Moniliales) |
1987 |
Yes |
Causes leaf spots |
Moderate |
|
Procecidochares utilis
(Tephritidae) |
1984 |
Yes |
Stem galler |
Moderate |
|
Ageratina riparia
(mistflower/ misblom) |
Complete |
Entyloma ageratinae
(Basidiomycetes, Ustilaginales) |
1989 |
Yes |
Causes leaf necrosis |
Considerable |
|
RELEASED IN MARAINNHILL CONSERVANCY
IN 2004:
Chromolaena odorata
(triffid weed/ paraffienbos)
|
?
|
Calycomyza eupatorivora
(Agromyzidae) |
2003 |
Yes |
Leaf miner |
Moderate |
|
Pareuchaetes aurata
aurata
(Arctiidae) |
1990 |
No |
Leaf chewer |
- |
|
Pareuchaetes insulata
(Arctiidae) |
1998 |
Yes |
Leaf chewer |
Considerable |
|
Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata
(Arctiidae) |
2001 |
No |
Leaf chewer |
- |
|
Cirsium
vulgare
(spear thistle/ speerdissel)
|
Negligible
|
Rhinocyllus conicus
(Curculionidae) |
1984-1986 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Moderate |
|
Urophora stylata
(Tephritidae) |
1984-1990 |
? |
Seed feeder |
? |
|
Silybum marianum
(milk thistle) |
? |
Rhinocyllus conicus
(Curculionidae) |
1985 |
? |
Seed feeder |
? |
|
AZOLLACEAE |
|
Azolla filiculoides
(red water fern/ rooiwatervaring) |
Complete |
Stenopelmus rufinasus
(Curculionidae) |
1997 |
Yes |
Leaf chewer |
Extensive |
|
BIGNONIACEAE |
|
Macfadyena
unguis-cati
(cat's claw creeper/ katteklouranker)
|
Negligible
|
Carvalhotingis hollandi
(Tingidae) |
2007 |
? |
Leaf sucker |
? |
| Carvalhotingis
visenda (Tingidae) |
2007 |
? |
Leaf
sucker |
? |
|
Charidotis auroguttata
(Chrysomelidae) |
1999 |
Yes |
leaf
chewer |
? |
| Hylaeogena
jureceki (Buprestidae) |
2007 |
Yes |
leaf
miner |
? |
|
CACTACEAE |
|
Cereus jamacaru
(queen of the night/ nagblom)
|
Substantial
|
Alcidion cereicola
(Cerambycidae) |
1990 |
Yes |
stem borer |
Considerable |
|
Hypogeococcus pungens(Pseudococcidae) |
Extend |
Yes |
sap sucker |
Extensive |
|
Harrisia
martinii
(moon cactus/ toukaktus)
|
Complete
|
Alcidion cereicola
(Cerambycidae) |
1990 |
Yes |
stem borer |
Considerable |
|
Hypogeococcus pungens(Pseudococcidae) |
1983 |
Yes |
sap sucker |
Extensive |
|
Opuntia
aurantiaca
(jointed cactus/ litjieskaktus)
|
Substantial
|
Cactoblastis cactorum
(Pyralidae) |
Extend |
Yes |
stem borer |
Moderate |
|
Dactylopius austrinus
(Dactylopiidae) |
1935 |
Yes |
sap sucker |
Extensive |
|
Mimorista pulchellalis
(Pyralidae) |
1979 |
No |
stem borer |
None |
|
Nanaia sp.
(Pyralidae) |
1983 |
No |
stem borer |
None |
|
Tucumania tapiacola
(Pyralidae) |
1976,1982 |
No |
stem borer |
None |
|
Opuntia exaltata
(long spine cactus/ langdoringkaktus) |
? |
Cactoblastis cactorum
(Pyralidae) |
Extend |
Yes |
stem borer |
? |
|
Opuntia
ficus-indica
(mission prickly pear/ boereturksvy)
|
Substantial
|
Archlagocheirus funestus
(Cerambycidae) |
1943 |
Yes |
stem borer |
Overall trivial, but
moderate where present |
|
Cactoblastis cactorum
(Pyralidae) |
1933 |
Yes |
stem borer |
Extensive |
|
Dactylopius opuntiae
(Dactylopiidae) |
1938 |
Yes |
sap sucker |
Extensive |
|
Metamasius spinolae
(Curculionidae) |
1948 |
Yes |
stem borer |
Extensive |
|
(Cylindr)opuntia fulgida (chain-fruit cholla/
kettingvrugkaktus)
|
Substantial |
Dactylopius tomentosus(imbricata biotype)
(Dactylopiidae) |
1970 |
Yes |
sap
sucker |
Trivial |
|
Dactylopius
tomentosus (cholla biotype) (Dactylopiidae) |
2008 |
Yes |
sap
sucker |
Extensive |
|
(Cylindr)opuntia
imbricata (imbricate prickly pear/ kabelturksvy)
|
Substantial
|
Dactylopius tomentosus
(imbricata biotype)
(Dactylopiidae) |
1970 |
Yes |
sap sucker |
Considerable |
|
Metamasius spinolae
(Curculionidae) |
1974 |
No |
stem borer |
None |
|
Opuntia leptocaulis |
Complete |
Dactylopius tomentosus
(Dactylopiidae) |
1977 |
Yes |
sap sucker |
Extensive |
|
Opuntia
lindheimeri
(small round-leaved prickly pear/ klein rondblaarturksvy)
|
Substantial
|
Dactylopius opuntiae
(Dactylopiidae) |
1938 |
Yes |
sap sucker |
Considerable |
|
Cactoblastis cactorum
(Pyralidae) |
1938 |
Yes |
stem borer |
Extensive |
|
Opuntia
monacantha
(smooth/ drooping prickly pear/ luisiesturksvy)
|
Substantial
|
Cactoblastis cactorum
(Pyralidae) |
Extend |
Yes |
stem borer |
Considerable |
|
Dactylopius ceylonicus
(Dactylopiidae) |
1913 |
Yes |
sap sucker |
Extensive |
|
Dactylopius opuntiae
(Dactylopiidae) |
Extend |
Yes |
sap sucker |
Extensive |
|
Opuntia salmiana |
Substantial |
Cactoblastis cactorum
(Pyralidae) |
Extend |
Yes |
stem borer |
Considerable |
|
Opuntia spinulifera
(saucepan cactus/ groot rondeblaarturksvy) |
? |
Cactoblastis cactorum
(Pyralidae) |
Extend |
Yes |
stem borer |
? |
|
Opuntia
stricta
(Australian pest pear/ suurturksvy)
|
Substantial
|
Cactoblastis cactorum
(Pyralidae) |
1980s |
Yes |
stem borer |
Extensive |
|
Dactylopius opuntiae
(Australian biotype)
(Dactylopiidae) |
1997 |
Yes |
sap sucker |
Extensive |
|
Pereskia aculeata
(Barbados gooseberry/ pereskia) |
Negligible |
Phenrica guerini
(Chrysomelidae) |
1991, 1995 |
Yes |
leaf chewer |
Trivial |
|
CAESALPINIACEAE |
|
Caesalpinia decapetala
(Mauritius thorn/ kraaldoring) |
Negligible |
Sulcobruchus subsuturalis
(Bruchidae) |
1999 |
Yes |
seed feeder |
Trivial |
|
CLUSIACEAE |
|
Hypericum
perforatum
(St John's wort/ Johanneskruid))
|
Complete
|
Agrilus hyperici
(Buprestidae) |
1974-1979 |
No |
root borer |
None |
|
Aplocera efformata
(Geometridae) |
1983 |
No |
leaf chewer |
None |
|
Aphis chloris
(Aphididae) |
1982 |
No |
sap sucker |
None |
|
Chrysolina hyperici
(Chrysomelidae) |
1960-1973 |
No |
leaf chewer |
None |
|
Chrysolina quadrigemina
(Chrysomelidae) |
1960-1962 |
Yes |
leaf chewer |
Extensive |
|
Zeuxidiplosis giardi
(Cecidomyiidae) |
1972 |
Yes |
shoot-tip galler |
Moderate |
|
CONVOLVULACEAE |
|
Convolvulus arvensis
(field bindweed/ akkerwinde) |
None |
Aceria malherbae
(Eriophyidae) |
1994 |
No |
Leaf galler |
(site destroyed) |
|
HALORAGACEAE |
|
Myriophyllum aquaticum
(parrot's feather/ waterduisendblaar) |
Substantial |
Lysathia sp.
(Chrysolmelidae) |
1994 |
Yes |
Leaf chewer |
Extensive |
|
MIMOSACEAE |
| Acacia baileyana (Bailey's
wattle/ Bailey-se-wattel) |
Negligible |
Melanterius maculatus
(Curculionidae) |
2006 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Moderate |
| abcdefg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acacia cyclops
(red eye/ rooikrans)
|
Substantial
|
Dasineura dielsi
(Cecidomyiidae) |
2001 |
Yes |
Flower galler |
Extensive |
|
Melanterius servulus
(Type A)
(Curculionidae) |
1994 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Considerable |
|
Acacia dealbata
(silver wattle/ silwerwattel) |
Negligible |
Melanterius maculatus
(Curculionidae) |
1994, 1998 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Moderate |
|
Acacia decurrens
(green wattle/ groenwattel) |
Negligible |
Melanterius maculatus
(Curculionidae) |
2001 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Moderate |
|
Acacia longifolia
(long-leaved wattle/ langblaarwattel)
|
Substantial
|
Melanterius ventralis |
1985 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Extensive |
|
Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae
(Pteromalidae) |
1982 |
Yes |
Bud galler |
Extensive |
|
Acacia
mearnsii
(black wattle/ swartwattel) |
? |
Dasineura rubiformis
(Cecidomyiidae) |
2001 |
Yes |
Flower galler |
Extensive (but still localized) |
|
Melanterius
maculatus
(Curculionidae) |
1995/96 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Moderate |
|
Acacia melanoxylon
(Australian blackwood/ Australiese swarthout) |
Substantial |
Melanterius acaciae
(Curculionidae) |
1986 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Considerable/ Extensive |
| Acacia podalyriifolia
(pearl acacia/ vaalmimosa) |
? |
Melanterius
maculatus (Curculionidae) |
2008 |
? |
Seed feeder |
? |
| abcdefg |
|
Acacia pycnantha
(golden wattle/ gouewattel) |
Substantial |
Melanterius
maculatus (Curculionidae) |
2006 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Moderate |
|
Trichilogaster
signiventris(Pteromalidae) |
1987 |
Yes |
Bud galler |
Extensive |
|
Acacia saligna
(Port Jackson willow/ Port Jackson)
|
Substantial
|
Melanterius compactus
(Curculionidae) |
2001 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Considerable |
|
Uromycladium tepperianum
(Basidiomycetes, Uredinales) |
1987 |
Yes |
Galler of any young tissue |
Extensive |
|
Leucaena leucocephala
(leucaena/ reuse wattel) |
Negligible |
Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus
(Bruchidae) |
1999 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Trivial |
|
Paraserianthes lophantha
(stink bean/ stinkboon) |
Substantial |
Melanterius servulus
(Type B) |
1989 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Considerable |
|
Prosopis
species
(mesquite/ prosopis)
|
Negligible
|
Algarobius bottimeri
(Bruchidae) |
1990 |
? |
Seed feeder |
? |
|
Algarobius prosopis
(Bruchidae) |
1987 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Considerable |
|
Neltumius arizonensis
(Bruchidae) |
1993 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
? |
|
MYRTACEAE |
|
Leptospermum
laevigatum
(Australian myrtle Australiese mirt)
|
?
|
Parectopa thalassias
(Gracillariidae) |
1996 |
Yes |
Leaf miner |
Considerable |
|
Dasineura sp.
(Cecidomyiidae) |
1994 |
Yes |
Bud galler |
Considerable |
|
PAPILIONACEAE |
|
Sesbania
punicea
(red sesbania/ rooi sesbania)
|
Complete
|
Neodiplogrammus quadrivittatus
(Curculionidae) |
1984 |
Yes |
Stem borer |
Extensive |
|
Rhyssomatus marginatus
(Curculionidae) |
1984 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Extensive |
|
Trichapion lativentre
(Apionidae) |
1970s |
Yes |
Flowerbud feeder |
Extensive |
|
PONTEDERIACEAE |
|
Eichhornia
crassipes
(water hyacinth/ waterhiasint)
|
Substantial
|
Cercospora rodmanii
(Hyphomycetes, Moniliales) |
1992 |
Yes |
Causes leaf spots |
Considerable |
|
Eccritotarsus catarinensis
(Miridae) |
1996 |
Yes |
Sap sucker |
Considerable |
|
Neochetina bruchi
(Curculionidae) |
1990, 1996 |
Yes |
Stem borer |
Considerable |
|
Neochetina eichhorniae
(Curculionidae) |
1974-1985
Yes |
Stem borer |
Considerable |
|
|
Niphograpta albiguttalis
(Pyralidae) |
1990 |
Yes |
Petiole borer |
Considerable |
|
Orthogalumna terebrantis
(Galumnidae) |
1989 |
Yes |
Leaf miner |
Considerable |
|
PROTEACEAE |
|
Hakea gibbosa
(rock hakea/ harige hakea)
|
Negligible
|
Aphanasium australe
(Cerambycidae) |
2001 |
Yes |
Stem borer |
? |
|
Erytenna consputa
(Curculionidae) |
1975 |
Yes |
Seed feeder
(immature seeds) |
Trivial |
|
Hakea sericea
(silky hakea/ syerige hakea)
|
Substantial
|
Aphanasium australe
(Cerambycidae) |
2001 |
Yes |
Stem borer |
? |
|
Carposina autologa
(Carposinidae) |
1970, 1982 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Considerable |
|
Cydmaea binotata
(Curculionidae) |
1979 |
Yes |
Leaf & shoot borer |
Trivial |
| Dicomada
rufa (Curculionidae) |
2006 |
? |
Flowerbud
feeder |
? |
|
Erytenna consputa
(Curculionidae) |
1970, 1974 |
Yes |
Seed feeder (immature
seeds) |
Extensive |
|
SALVINIACEAE |
|
Salvinia molesta
(water fern/ watervaring) |
Complete |
Cyrtobagous salviniae
(Curculionidae) |
1985 |
Yes |
Stem borer |
Extensive |
|
SOLANACEAE |
|
Solanum
elaeagnifolium
(silverleaf nightshade/ satansbos)
|
Substantial
|
Frumenta nephelomicta
(Gelechiidae) |
1979,1985,1999 |
No |
Fruit galler |
None |
|
Frumenta sp.
nov.
(Gelechiidae) |
1989 |
No |
Stem & fruit galler |
None |
|
Leptinotarsa defecta
(Chrysomelidae) |
1992 |
Yes |
Leaf chewer |
Moderate where present |
|
Leptinotarsa texana
(Chrysomelidae) |
1992 |
Yes |
Leaf chewer |
Extensive |
|
Solanum mauritianum
(bugweed/ luisboom) |
Negligible |
Gargaphia decoris
(Tingidae) |
1999 |
Yes |
Sap sucker |
Trivial |
|
Solanum sysimbrifolium
(wild tomato/ wildetamatie) |
Substantial |
Gratiana spadicea
(Chrysomelidae) |
1994 |
Yes |
Leaf chewer |
Extensive |
|
VERBENACEAE |
|
Lantana
camara
(lantana)
|
Substantial
|
Alagoasa parana
(Chrysomelidae) |
1985 |
No |
Leaf miner |
None |
|
Autoplusia illustrata
(Noctuidae) |
1978,1984 |
No |
Leaf chewer |
None |
|
Calycomyza lantanae
(Agromyzidae) |
1982 |
Yes |
Leaf miner |
Moderate |
| Coelocephalapion
camarae (Apionidae) |
2007 |
Yes |
Petiole
galler |
? |
|
Epinotia lantana
(Tortricidae) |
pre-1961,
1984 |
Yes |
Flower
miner |
Trivial |
|
Eutreta xanthochaeta
(Tephritidae) |
1983 |
No |
Stem galler |
None |
|
Falconia intermedia
(Miridae) |
1999 |
Yes |
Sap sucker |
Moderate |
|
Hypena laceratalis
(Noctuidae) |
Native |
Yes |
Leaf chewer |
Trivial |
|
Lantanophaga pusillidactyla
(Pterophoridae) |
<1961 |
Yes |
Flower feeder |
Trivial |
|
Leptobyrsa decora
(Tingidae) |
1972-1981 |
No |
Sap sucker |
None |
| Longitarsus
bethae (Chrysomelidae) |
2007 |
? |
Root
feeder |
? |
|
Mycovellosiella lantanae
var. lantanae
(Hyphomycetes, Mycosphaerellales) |
2002 |
Yes |
Leaf spot fungus |
Moderate |
|
Neogalea sunia
(Noctuidae) |
1962, 1969 |
No |
Leaf chewer |
None |
|
Octotoma championi
(Chrysomelidae) |
1978
1995 |
No
|
Leaf miner
|
None |
|
Octotoma scabripennis
(Chrysomelidae) |
1971-1975 |
Yes |
Leaf miner |
Considerable |
|
Ophiomyia camarae
(Agromyzidae) |
2001 |
Yes |
Leaf
miner |
Considerable |
|
Ophiomyia lantanae
(Agromyzidae) |
<1961 |
Yes |
Seed feeder |
Moderate |
|
Plagiohammus spinipennis
(Cerambycidae) |
1973 |
No |
Stem borer |
None |
|
Salbia haemorrhoidalis
(Pyralidae) |
1962 |
Yes |
Leaf chewer |
Trivial |
|
Teleonemia elata
(Tingidae) |
1972 |
No |
Sap sucker |
None |
|
Teleonemia scrupulosa
(Tingidae) |
1961-1989 |
Yes |
Sap sucker |
Considerable |
|
Uroplata girardi
(Chrysomelidae) |
1974,1983 |
Yes |
Leaf miner |
Considerable |
|
Uroplata lantanae
(Chrysomelidae) |
1984 |
No |
Leaf miner |
None |
|
Uroplata fulvopustulata
(Chrysomelidae) |
1978 |
No |
Leaf miner |
None |
Home
| 
Mariannhill LC | 
